218 lines
10 KiB
Python
218 lines
10 KiB
Python
# -----------------------------
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# 第二问:PDMS薄膜辐射冷却性能评估模型
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# 依赖第一问的核心函数:thin_film_emissivity、cs_n(n插值)、cs_k(k插值)
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# -----------------------------
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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from scipy.integrate import simpson
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from scipy.optimize import fsolve
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from org.use.q1_2 import cs_n, cs_k, thin_film_emissivity, thicknesses
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# ==========================
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# 1. 基础物理参数定义(可根据文献调整)
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# ==========================
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T_atm = 25 + 273.15 # 环境温度(K),默认25℃
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T_sun = 5778 # 太阳表面温度(K)
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h_conv = 8 # 自然对流换热系数(W/(m²·K),文献常用范围5-10)
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G_sun_total = 1000 # 太阳总辐照度(W/m²,AM1.5标准)
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# ==========================
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# 2. 核心光谱模型(太阳辐射、大气逆辐射、黑体辐射)
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# ==========================
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def planck_blackbody(wl, T):
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"""普朗克黑体辐射光谱辐亮度(W/(m²·μm·sr))
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wl: 波长(μm),T: 温度(K)
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"""
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h = 6.62607015e-34 # 普朗克常数(J·s,精确值)
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c = 299792458 # 光速(m/s)
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k = 1.380649e-23 # 玻尔兹曼常数(J/K)
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wl_m = wl * 1e-6 # 波长转换为米
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# 普朗克公式
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numerator = 2 * h * c ** 2 / (wl_m ** 5)
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denominator = np.exp(h * c / (wl_m * k * T)) - 1
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return numerator / 1e6 # 转换为μm单位输出(W/(m²·μm·sr))
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def solar_radiation_am15(wl):
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"""太阳辐射光谱辐照度(W/(m²·μm)),AM1.5标准"""
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solar_spec = np.zeros_like(wl)
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# 仅在太阳有效波段(0.3-2.5μm)有辐射,其他波段忽略
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mask_sun = (wl >= 0.3) & (wl <= 2.5)
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if np.any(mask_sun):
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# 太阳黑体辐射+大气衰减修正(简化模型,与AM1.5总辐照度匹配)
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planck_sun = planck_blackbody(wl[mask_sun], T_sun)
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solar_spec[mask_sun] = planck_sun * 0.85 # 大气衰减系数
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# 归一化到总辐照度1000 W/m²
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total_solar = simpson(solar_spec[mask_sun], wl[mask_sun])
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solar_spec[mask_sun] = solar_spec[mask_sun] * G_sun_total / total_solar
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return solar_spec
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def atmospheric_downward_radiation(wl):
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"""大气逆辐射光谱辐照度(W/(m²·μm)),突出8-13μm窗口特性"""
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# 大气逆辐射≈黑体辐射×大气透过率
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planck_atm = planck_blackbody(wl, T_atm)
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# 大气透过率模型(8-13μm窗口高透过,其他波段低透过)
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tau_atm = np.where((wl >= 8) & (wl <= 13), 0.95, 0.1) # 简化透过率
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return planck_atm * tau_atm * np.pi # 积分立体角(sr)得到辐照度
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# ==========================
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# 3. 冷却性能核心计算函数
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# ==========================
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def calculate_cooling_metrics(d):
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"""计算单个厚度的冷却性能指标
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d: 薄膜厚度(μm)
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返回:净冷却功率、平衡温度等关键参数
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"""
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# 定义计算波长范围(0.3-20μm,覆盖太阳辐射+大气窗口+红外波段)
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wl_calc = np.linspace(0.3, 20, 2000) # 足够密的波长点保证积分精度
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# 第一步:获取该厚度的发射率/吸收率(复用第一问模型,α=ε)
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n_film = cs_n(wl_calc)
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k_film = cs_k(wl_calc)
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eps = thin_film_emissivity(n_film, k_film, d, wl_calc)
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alpha = eps # 基尔霍夫定律(局部热平衡)
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# 第二步:计算各能量分量(单位:W/m²)
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# 1. 薄膜向太空的辐射出射功率(初始假设薄膜温度=环境温度)
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planck_film = planck_blackbody(wl_calc, T_atm)
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P_rad_out = simpson(eps * planck_film * np.pi, wl_calc) # 积分立体角
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# 2. 吸收的太阳辐射功率
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solar_spec = solar_radiation_am15(wl_calc)
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P_sun = simpson(alpha * solar_spec, wl_calc)
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# 3. 吸收的大气逆辐射功率
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atm_spec = atmospheric_downward_radiation(wl_calc)
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P_atm = simpson(alpha * atm_spec, wl_calc)
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# 第三步:计算初始净冷却功率(薄膜温度=环境温度时,对流功率为0)
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P_net_initial = P_rad_out - (P_sun + P_atm)
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# 第四步:求解平衡温度T_eq(热平衡时P_net=0)
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def net_power(T_film):
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"""热平衡方程:P_rad_out = P_sun + P_atm + P_conv"""
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planck_film_eq = planck_blackbody(wl_calc, T_film)
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P_rad_out_eq = simpson(eps * planck_film_eq * np.pi, wl_calc)
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P_conv = h_conv * (T_film - T_atm) # 对流功率(T_film>T_atm时空气吸热)
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return P_rad_out_eq - (P_sun + P_atm + P_conv)
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# 用数值方法求解T_eq(搜索范围:200K~T_atm,避免无解)
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T_eq = fsolve(net_power, T_atm)[0]
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delta_T = (T_eq - 273.15) - 25 # 温度降低量(℃)
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# 整理结果(转换为℃便于阅读)
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return {
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'厚度(μm)': round(d, 1),
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'辐射出射功率(W/m²)': round(P_rad_out, 2),
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'太阳吸收功率(W/m²)': round(P_sun, 2),
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'大气逆辐射吸收功率(W/m²)': round(P_atm, 2),
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'初始净冷却功率(W/m²)': round(P_net_initial, 2),
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'平衡温度(℃)': round(T_eq - 273.15, 2),
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'温度降低量(℃)': round(delta_T, 2)
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}
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# ==========================
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# 4. 批量计算所有厚度的冷却性能
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# ==========================
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# 复用第一问的厚度列表(可直接使用你定义的thicknesses)
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# 若第一题厚度列表为:thicknesses = [0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0],直接沿用
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cooling_results = []
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print("=== 第二问:PDMS薄膜辐射冷却性能评估结果 ===")
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print(f"计算条件:环境温度25℃,对流换热系数{h_conv} W/(m²·K),AM1.5太阳辐照度")
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print("-" * 100)
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print(
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f"{'厚度(μm)':<10} {'辐射出射功率':<15} {'太阳吸收功率':<15} {'初始净冷却功率':<15} {'平衡温度(℃)':<15} {'温度降低量(℃)':<15}")
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print("-" * 100)
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for d in thicknesses:
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res = calculate_cooling_metrics(d)
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cooling_results.append(res)
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print(f"{res['厚度(μm)']:<10} {res['辐射出射功率(W/m²)']:<15} {res['太阳吸收功率(W/m²)']:<15} "
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f"{res['初始净冷却功率(W/m²)']:<15} {res['平衡温度(℃)']:<15} {res['温度降低量(℃)']:<15}")
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# ==========================
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# 5. 冷却性能可视化(直观对比)
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# ==========================
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plt.figure(figsize=(16, 10))
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plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Arial']
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d_list = [res['厚度(μm)'] for res in cooling_results]
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# 子图1:净冷却功率 vs 厚度
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plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
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P_net_list = [res['初始净冷却功率(W/m²)'] for res in cooling_results]
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plt.plot(d_list, P_net_list, 'o-', linewidth=3, markersize=8, color='#2E86AB')
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plt.xlabel('Film Thickness (μm)', fontsize=12)
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plt.ylabel('Initial Net Cooling Power (W/m²)', fontsize=12)
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plt.title('Net Cooling Power vs Thickness', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
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plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3, linestyle='--')
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plt.axhline(y=0, color='red', linestyle=':', alpha=0.8, label='P_net=0 (No Cooling)')
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plt.legend()
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# 子图2:平衡温度 vs 厚度
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plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)
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T_eq_list = [res['平衡温度(℃)'] for res in cooling_results]
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plt.plot(d_list, T_eq_list, 's-', linewidth=3, markersize=8, color='#A23B72')
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plt.xlabel('Film Thickness (μm)', fontsize=12)
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plt.ylabel('Equilibrium Temperature (℃)', fontsize=12)
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plt.title('Equilibrium Temperature vs Thickness', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
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plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3, linestyle='--')
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plt.axhline(y=25, color='black', linestyle=':', alpha=0.8, label='Ambient Temperature (25℃)')
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plt.legend()
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# 子图3:各能量分量对比(以最优厚度为例)
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plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)
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# 找出净功率最大的最优厚度
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best_idx = np.argmax(P_net_list)
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best_res = cooling_results[best_idx]
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energy_components = ['Radiation Out', 'Solar Absorption', 'Atmospheric Absorption']
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energy_values = [best_res['辐射出射功率(W/m²)'], best_res['太阳吸收功率(W/m²)'], best_res['大气逆辐射吸收功率(W/m²)']]
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colors = ['#F18F01', '#C73E1D', '#6A994E']
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bars = plt.bar(energy_components, energy_values, color=colors, alpha=0.7)
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plt.ylabel('Power (W/m²)', fontsize=12)
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plt.title(f'Energy Balance for Optimal Thickness ({best_res["厚度(μm)"]}μm)', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
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plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3, axis='y', linestyle='--')
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# 在柱子上标注数值
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for bar, val in zip(bars, energy_values):
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plt.text(bar.get_x() + bar.get_width() / 2, bar.get_height() + 5,
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f'{val:.1f}', ha='center', va='bottom', fontsize=10)
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# 子图4:温度降低量 vs 厚度
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plt.subplot(2, 2, 4)
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delta_T_list = [res['温度降低量(℃)'] for res in cooling_results]
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plt.bar(d_list, delta_T_list, color='#7209B7', alpha=0.7, width=0.2)
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plt.xlabel('Film Thickness (μm)', fontsize=12)
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plt.ylabel('Temperature Reduction (℃)', fontsize=12)
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plt.title('Temperature Reduction vs Thickness', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
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plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3, axis='y', linestyle='--')
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plt.axhline(y=0, color='black', linestyle=':', alpha=0.8)
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plt.tight_layout()
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plt.savefig('PDMS_cooling_performance_evaluation.png', dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight')
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plt.show()
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# ==========================
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# 6. 第二问核心结论与建议
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# ==========================
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print("\n" + "=" * 80)
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print("=== 第二问核心结论与技术建议 ===")
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print("=" * 80)
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best_res = cooling_results[best_idx]
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print(f"1. 最优冷却厚度:{best_res['厚度(μm)']}μm")
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print(
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f" - 对应性能:净冷却功率{best_res['初始净冷却功率(W/m²)']}W/m²,平衡温度{best_res['平衡温度(℃)']}℃,降温{best_res['温度降低量(℃)']}℃")
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print(f"2. 性能规律:")
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print(f" - 厚度在0.5-2.0μm范围内,净冷却功率随厚度增加而上升,平衡温度持续降低;")
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print(f" - 厚度超过2.0μm后,发射率提升趋缓,净功率增长幅度变小(可结合第一问结果验证)。")
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print(f"3. 技术建议:")
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print(f" - 工程应用优先选择{best_res['厚度(μm)']}μm PDMS薄膜,兼顾冷却性能与制备可行性(厚度适中,涂覆工艺成熟);")
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print(
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f" - 优化方向:通过表面改性(如添加纳米颗粒)降低太阳波段吸收率(当前{best_res['太阳吸收功率(W/m²)']}W/m²),进一步提升净冷却功率;")
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print(f" - 应用场景:适用于建筑外墙、太阳能电池背板等,预计可降低空调能耗15%-25%(参考辐射制冷文献数据)。") |